White Supremacy essays

Racial domination expositions Dr Frances Cress Welsing is a youngster specialist that was conceived on March 18,1955 in the Chicago zone of Illinois. She is a third era Physician in her Family she followed the impressions of her dad Dr Henry Noah Cress and her granddad Dr. henry Clay Cress by turning into a Physician. She needed to experience quite a while of study to become will know. She initially goes to Antioch College in yellow Spring, Ohio which she moved on from in 1957 with a B.S. degree. After a year after graduation she entered the College of Medicine at Howard University in Washington D.C. She at that point moved on from Howard University in 1962 with a M.D. degree. After Graduation Dr Welsing interned at the Cook County Hospital, in Chicago, Illinois between the long periods of 1962 through 1963 while there she got an opportunity to take a residency in General Psychiatry at St. Elizabeths Hospital, in Washington D.C. In 1966 to 1968 she held a partnership in kid Psychiatry at Childrens clinic. From th e Dr Welsing was utilized as an associate Professor of Pediatrics in the branch of Pediatrics at Howard University College of Medicine. Dr Frances Cress Welsing is most popular for her disputable speculations on Race. She is the Author of two books The Cress Theory of Color Confrontation and Racism (racial domination) and Furthermore the Isis Papers. She is additionally the organizer of Counter-bigot Psychiatry and furthermore subsidiary with Actor Paul Roberson School for Growth and Development, North Community Mental Health Center, in Washington, D.C. from 1976-1990. In 1970 Dr. Frances Cress Welsing composed The Cress Theory of Color-Confrontation and Prejudice (White Supremacy). In this hypothesis she clarifies the cause of prejudice. For what reason is whiteness is a shading inadequacy. Why white individuals feel compromise by non- White individuals and the mental reason. Welsing based her hypothesis off of the Textbook for Victims of White Supremacy by Neeley Fuller written in 1969. Fuller proposed tha... <!

Bruce campbell

Bruce campbell Bruce Campbell is a cultivated entertainer. His profession began at fourteen years old. Throughout the years he has showed up in an assortment of acting jobs, which have made him very well known.Bruce Campbell is forty-one years of age and was conceived on June 22nd, 1958.(http:www.imdb.com) He is the most youthful of three siblings, was conceived in Royal Oak, Michigan and has two kids. He views himself as to have had a typical adolescence in that he watched Lost in Space on TV, dove burrows in his back yard and went around spruced up as Zorro. (http:www.bruce-campbell.com) Bruce began looking into acting at eight years old when he perceived how much fun his father had while acting in nearby network theater. His first official acting employment happened at age fourteen when an entertainer who was to play the youthful ruler in the Lord and I turned out to be sick and he ventured into the role.American Actor Bruce Campbell at the 2007 Scream A...

Making Minimalism (Episode 6)

Making Minimalism (Episode 6) This is the final episode from our new web series Making Minimalism, created by Matt DAvella. Watch the entire series for free on YouTube. About Making Minimalism Creating our documentary, Minimalism, was simple, but not easy. A few years back we jumped in our tour bus (an old Toyota Corolla) and spoke with people around the country about how simple living had changed their lives. Now, with Making Minimalism, were deconstructing how we made the film from the very beginning. You’ll get a look at never-before-seen footage as we detail all of our big wins, failures, breakthroughs, and discoveries. See The Minimalists live on tour.

The Basic Chemical Elements in German and English

Nurse-Patient / Client Partnership - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2749 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Introduction This essay will focus on the nurse- patient relationship or rather the nurse-client relationship in the day to-day interactions that take place day in day out in our health care facilities. While in practice as a nurse conducting my daily chores, I happened to have heard a conversation between a nurse and Abdul who was a gentleman aged twenty two years with an Asian background and who had Austim and a mild learning disability. Abdul used to live with his mother before she passed away where Abdul had to be placed in a supportive environment where he shared with seven other residents. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nurse-Patient / Client Partnership" essay for you Create order Abdul had a history of challenging behaviors which lead to his detention as postulated under section 2 of the mental health act (1983). Abduls’ behavior resulted in agitation, aggression towards staff, Self harm, and environmental destruction among others.   On that fateful morning, Abdul had gone to make enquiries concerning his visiting the mosque which was a routine on every Sunday where the mum used to accompany him. From the conversation highlighted in the appendix, there arise themes such as power and control where I’ll discuss the nurses’ control and power over the patient. Other themes which are identified also include person centeredness of both the parties that is the patient and the nurse, values, beliefs and attitude.   These are but some of the themes that arise from the conversation I observed from the patient and the nurse who for purposes of confidentiality I will refer to as Stephanie (fictitious) (Hildegard, 2014). It is very vital to examine the nurse-patient partnership in a broader way and understand its significant. This relationship is paramount and therefore it should be accorded the magnitude it deserves as it affects the patient in one way or the other. A theme that is highly exhibited in the appendix is a theme of values where the terminologies used by the nurses can have detrimental effects on the quality of services rendered to the patients. In my case of study, Stephanie uses abusive language while addressing the patient, she says,† don’t be silly†. This makes the patient to storm out of the room very angered while instead the nurse ought to have approached him in a friendly manner to sort out the issue. Nurses’ values should be of the best quality while at work in order to exhibit boundaries between the patients which ensure that the client’s needs are given the utmost focus they require as identified by the College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO). Anoth er core value that is paramount in the nurse-patient relationship is confidentiality which renders the relationship safe and establishes trust which enables the patient to be able to disclose all the relevant information needed for treatment purposes. Nurses should also exhibit some respect in their relationship with the patients whereby they should respect the patient’s culture and incorporate open-mindedness throughout the relationship until termination stage. For example in my case of study, Stephanie and her colleague did not show some respect to Abdul since they took it as if it was not necessary for him to visit the mosque yet it was a culture which was cultivated in his mind by his late mother (Arnold, 2011). Power and control is another that arises from my observed interaction case study. The nurses are perceived to be powerful in their field of work while the patients are perceived to be powerless. The nurses are believed to possess a handful of attributes which include professional knowledge, professional status, being free of illness and fear, being in a position to stand rather than lying on the bed which place them in powerful position. This makes the nurses to gain most control if not all over the patients (Hart, 2007). In the observed case, Stephanie is seen to exhibit full control and power over Abdul who has Autism and mild learning disability. Stephanie who is sort of the superior one in this case uses the powers vested to her to deny Abdul a chance to visit the mosque. However, even if the matter was left as Stephanie’s decision to make, she exercised her powers without consideration of the patients’ cultures and beliefs. Following misuse of the powers and control that should be exercised by the nurses, it should therefore be incorporated in their constitution the extent to which they should exercise it to protect patients’ rights. Stephanie also portrays power and control over the patient where she prepared Risperidone as per the protocol to feed the patient in order to cool him down and to counter his escalating behavior.  Ã‚   On the hand, as seen earlier the patients have minimal power and control in their position as patients hence are subject to whatever they are to ld. This is evident from our case where Abdul is denied a chance to visit the mosque and the only thing the poor kid could do is become agitated and runs back to his room where he only paces up and down (Coatsworth, 2010). Person centeredness is clearly another theme that is evident in my observed interaction case study. This comprises of situations whereby a person who is centered focuses on the individuals personal needs, goals, desires and wants so that they become central to each and everything undertaken. It is vital to examine Stephanie’s case so closely where this theme is exhibited by both the patient and the nurse (Sheldon, 2009). Abdul portrayed person centered where he became easily agitated just because he could not be taken to the mosque. He could not comprehend the fact that that there was no one to accompany him. He only put in his mind the thoughts of it was a must for him to visit the mosque. Stephanie also exhibits this theme of person centeredness whereby she just sent Abdul away denying him a chance to visit the mosque without even considering that it was his culture and belief. Besides, she did not even bother to make the patient clearly understand the reasons as to why it w as not possible for him to visit the mosque. Person centeredness in nursing however is aimed at increasing the understanding of the principles and practices by nurses. It helps the nurses to focus on the patients’ needs and medical attention regardless of the situation. It is useful in eliminating self interests concerned with individual nurses hence all their focus is channeled towards the patient as required by the code of ethics and regulations relating to the nursing profession. Partnership Hinderance However, despite the fact that high values are necessary to sustain the nurse-patient partnership, there exist barriers. Some of these barriers to effective communication between the nurse and the patient comprises of misunderstandings about treatment requirements. This might arise from patients having perceptions of unfair treatment arising from a past treatment, differences in health beliefs between patents and nurses such as belief in traditional medicine, miscommunications where the information given by the nurses may not be properly understood (Rasheed, 2015). Another hindrance to this partnership is coercion whereby the nurses might end up using force to make the patients comply as they might be perceived as being powerful whereas the patients might be seen as powerless. Job problems such as professional nursing problems work environment and ignorance of the nurses to professional ethics greatly hinder the nurse-patient relationship. However, the nurses should put themselves in the shoes of the patients to enable them to render and practice good quality care to the patients (Otong, 2007). Interaction Behaviors In my observed interaction case between Stephanie and Abdul, there arises values and attitudes such as, ridicule where Stephanie uses a language that is hurting to Abdul and that is abusive that makes him to start banging his head on the door. There exists a n attitude of choleric which is evident when Abdul is quickly aroused to anger by just the hearing of the fact that he would not visit the mosque on that fateful morning without even considering the fact that there was no one to accompany him. The nurse showed condescension in that she showed arrogance to Abdul by the mere fact that he was inferior and a person with disability (Forchuk, 2010). Anxiety is also suppressed by the patient where he becomes easily agitated and even starts hurting himself by banging his head on the door. This is a bad attitude as it makes him to hurt himself with no good reason. Stephanie fails to show the value of understanding of the patient. She fails to comprehend that going to the mosque was a thing which already existed in Abduls’ mind. She treats him with cruelty which he did not deserve and which was not right also for the nurse (Isola, 2010). Policy Support According to London: Nursing and Midwifery Council of England; 2004, core values such as trust, proper responsibility, precise care and accuracy, altruism which involves proper attention while practicing nursing and social justice are very vital in the field of nursing and should be upheld accordingly. Others values and attitudes supported by the various nursing policies available comprises of sympathy which entails the nurses’ understanding of the patients and their needs, trust which is defined by traits of honesty and the ability to keep the personal information given private and confidential (Williams, 2008). The rules and regulations governing the nursing profession in general highly give a supportive hand to the theme of personal centeredness. The rules outline the significant of a nurse being personal centeredness in devoting oneself as a whole to the service of patients fully focusing on the patients’ needs and requirements. This aims at ensuring that individual indifferences do not give any room for incompetency and poor quality services (Nambiar, 2011). According to, nurses contain in their possession power and control and hence are regarded as being powerful compared to the patients. This theory supports the theme of power and control   in which the nurses are vested the power to gain control over the patients as postulated in my case of observation where Stephanie has control over what the patients like Abdul demand. Power and control of this manner allows for supervision and handling of the patients hence a serene environment in the place of placement of the patients (Burnard, 2008). Influence on the nurse-patient partnership The issues discussed above might influence the nurse-patient partnership in one way or the other. To start with, values and attitudes exhibited by the nurses have detrimental effects on the nurse-patient relationship. For example, a core value such as trust affects the manner in which the patient will open up to the to give the necessary information required for treatment purposes. In an instance where the nurse might have been involved in revealing private and confidential information to unauthorized persons, the patient will find it hard to share critical information for fear of being exposed. On the other hand, a nurse with a clear record of keeping information confidential is found to be suitable to be given all the required information by the patient (Holland, 2011). A clear understanding of the patient and proper as well as precise handling of the patient are vital and greatly influences how the stay of the patient at the place of placement will be like. A nurse who swiftly und erstands the patient enables the patient to accept their conditions and keep their self esteem high. Once the patients are in a position to accept the conditions they are in, it becomes very easy to monitor them as well as their medications hence they are able to recover soonest possible. Thus, the values and attitudes in which the nurses approach the patients with have very many impacts both positive and negative that greatly influence the performance of the patients at large (Erickson, 2012). The cultural beliefs of the patients must also be met no matter how difficult it might seem to be. The nurses should avoid being stereotypical and try their level best to avoid making assumptions about the patients and hence respect their beliefs for instance a member of the Jehovah witness church refusing to take blood while it is the only way to save their lives should be handled with lots of knowledge such that it does not influence the patient (McConnell, 20I2). The nurse-patient relationship may also be influence by the person centeredness. This is a two way relationship in which two parties are the players and thus either party should deliver its best. In circumstances where the nurses’ personal centeredness is wholly based on the patients’ needs, the patients are influenced positively in that they tend to get lump sum attention and thus are able to benefit (Shirley, 2011). However, in situations where the nurses highly regard their individual wants, needs and requirements as being important at the expense of the patients’, the patients tend to be negatively influenced. They obtain little attention and are left to conduct most of the staffs on their own and thus their recovery process retards (Brown, 2010). Another factor that influences the nurse-patient relationship is the power and control issue. Nurses have power over the patients which they have a right to exercise accordingly. Once the powers vested to the nurses are exercised in the best manner, the powers benefit the patients as their actions are highly controlled and thus detrimental effects such as self harming, environmental destructions, hurting of others physically or mentally among others are prevented as prevention is always better than cure. However, in instances where the nurses exercise the powers in their favors at the expense of the patient’s interests, the patients tend to be influenced negatively like in my case of observation where Abdul went ahead to hurt him simply because he was denied a chance to visit the mosque (Duffy, 2005). Influence on Future Practice From the observed case discussed above, as a nurse in making, I learnt a lot of fundamental lessons which I ought to apply in my practice in my field work. As a nurse I have learnt about the significances of building a strong foundation on the core values and attitudes that I should apply while interacting with the patients. I have also known the essence of creating trust with your clients such that they won’t shy off on addressing their problems with you (Wiseman, 2013).   Letting go off your working stress is very fundamental in a nurse’s life, you might treat a patient who later succumbs to the disease and this can be very stressful. Practicing power in control is very essential in a nurse’s life in the medical practice; it means that as a nurse in control I have to exhibit my power when on duty. For instance, if the visiting time is over I shouldn’t let people extend or move in. By this I will be able to make firm decisions when required. I also lear nt that as a nurse I was expected to be very courteous and be around person not a racist at all this because I was expected to be dealing with a lot people from different places. Similarly, I learnt that being honest was very appropriate in my profession, since I was supposed to tell the patient their diagnosed problem even if it would stress them up but in a crafty way (Eureka, 2012). Conclusion The nursing profession is entailed with very many values which must be followed closely by a nurse for a successful career. This means that an honest nurse is very crucial that they will value the client’s freedom to a confidential treatment by the doctors and properly treated by the doctors and nurses. The people should be given a freedom to choose the way to be treated allowed making sound judgments when there is a major crisis in their health and they are required to have risky procedures  Ã‚   done on them like the operations where there is no guarantee of the outcome. The nurse is expected to have the personal centeredness, they are expected to concentrate with one patient at a time and give them the best service as possible keeping their matters at a bay. This will avert the likes of mistaken diagnoses which are often in an absent minded doctors and nurses. Notably the client should relate with the clients professionally so that they cannot ruin their future relations with the patients. It would be very hard for the patient to open up to the nurse on their problems considering their past. Therefore I have learnt a lot of what is expected from me.

Education teaching and learning process education essay Free Essays

string(124) " engineerings include computing machines, the Internet, airing engineerings \( wireless and telecasting \) , and telephone\." Different literatures were studied to specify and to warrant the importance of the different keywords as they relate to the survey every bit good as to hold a good background on the organic structure of cognition. This certainly will be good to the apprehension of the kernel of ICT tools in Education as they are merely referred as Educational Technology Tools. Technology is going an progressively influential factor in instruction. We will write a custom essay sample on Education teaching and learning process education essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The usage of computing machines and nomadic phones as complements to educational patterns are really up-to-date development in the country as we are speaking about on-line instruction. The detonation of computing machine usage in different economic countries brought about the ICT dimension in about everything we do these yearss. The demand of new accomplishments and apprehension of pupils and Educators are enforcing itself as a world, besides the environment in which instruction and acquisition is taking topographic point is under changeless alteration every bit good as the direction of the pupils. It is of import to observe that, in order to put the context, by and large talking, there is no 1 accepted definition of what constitutes engineering. Technology is the word associated with anything that aims to ease the human life through alteration. Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 â€Å" Real World of Technology † lectures: defines engineering as a â€Å" pattern, the manner we do things around here † . The Merriam-Webster dictionary offers a definition of the term as: â€Å" the practical application of cognition particularly in a peculiar country † and â€Å" a capableness given by the practical application of cognition † . 2.2 Education, Teaching and Learning Process Education from the Webster ‘s 1828 Dictionary read as follows: The conveying up, as of a kid, direction ; formation of manners. Education comprehends all that series of direction and subject which is intended to edify the apprehension, correct the pique, and organize the manners and wonts of young person, and suit them for utility in their hereafter Stationss. To give kids a good instruction in manners, humanistic disciplines and scientific discipline, is of import ; to give them a spiritual instruction is indispensable ; and an huge duty remainders on parents and defenders who neglect these responsibilities. Education is a construct in which Instruction, Teaching and Learning are major pillars: Direction refers to the facilitating of larning toward identified aims, delivered either by an teacher or other signifiers. Teaching refers to the actions of a existent unrecorded teacher designed to leave larning to the pupil. Learning refers to larning with a position toward fixing scholars with specific cognition, accomplishments, or abilities that can be applied instantly upon completion. For, instruction is any act or experience that has a formative consequence on the head, character or physical ability of an person. In its proficient sense instruction is the procedure by which society intentionally transmits its accrued cognition, accomplishments and values from one coevals to another. However at that place has ever been a treatment on the affair of guaranting continuity of go throughing on cognition and a affair of furthering creativeness, which propels the scholars to the universe of terra incognitas and forces the coming out of it with invention and inventiveness. Both of these maps relate every bit to knowledge and attitudes, to understanding and behaviors. They are the kernel of the teaching/learning procedure. We want creativeness, but we want it to emerge from what is known and understood. We want continuity and that excessively from what is known and understood. Learning environments in schools typically involve one or more grownup instructors connected with a figure of pupils, normally in good defined physical scenes. Physically it may be in a room, full of peculiar furniture and equipment. The topographic point of computing machines in larning for the bulk of kids is most likely to happen in the schoolroom and, for an increasing figure, at place. However, most experts in the field of educational calculating would characterize computing machines as synergistic and therefore acknowledge them a topographic point within the relationship constructions of the schoolroom acquisition environment, non merely the physical environment. The course of study is concerned with What is learned and taught: includes aims, content, and larning results ( the cognition, accomplishments and attitudes that pupils are intended to show ) . How this acquisition and instruction occurs: concerns teaching/learning methodological analysis, learning schemes and media resources. Most teaching/learning methods and schemes involve the usage of some equipment. Some learning methods may merely include the usage of a chalkboard and chalk while others may do usage of a telecasting or overhead projector. This equipment and its usage within the course of study are frequently referred to as educational engineering. 2.3 Educational Technology and ICT Educational engineering concerns the engineering that is used to ease the teaching/learning procedure. As such it is included in the how portion of the course of study. We could see educational engineering as the tools of the learning trade, portion of the medium used to convey the course of study. Thus the engineering used is determined by the intended course of study. Besides portion of the context of the course of study concerns the function of the instructor, the physical scene and the general pedagogical positions of the instructor and instruction system. These are likely to impact the engineering used and may affect the usage of computing machines. Technology can be seen to be impacting the course of study both in footings of content and methodological analysis, there are a figure of cases where the course of study has been changed due to alterations in engineering, innovation of new engineering has added content to the course of study ( e.g. engineering based on electricity ) or new engineering has made parts of the content obsolete ( e.g. utilizing reckoners alternatively of logarithms for computation ) . Information and communicating engineerings ( ICTs ) are a â€Å" diverse set of tools and resources used to pass on, make, circulate, shop, and manage information. † These engineerings include computing machines, the Internet, airing engineerings ( wireless and telecasting ) , and telephone. You read "Education teaching and learning process education essay" in category "Essay examples" Nowadays there is an increasing involvement in how computing machines and the Internet can better instruction at all degrees. Older ICT engineerings, such as wireless and telecasting, have for over 40 old ages been used for unfastened and distance acquisition. There is a assortment of nomenclature that describes the ways computing machines are integrated into the acquisition procedure and in the schoolroom: technology-mediated acquisition, computer-aided direction, distance instruction, distance acquisition, educational engineering, place acquisition engineerings, computer-based instruction, ins tructional engineering, multimedia, communications systems, Web-based acquisition, educational multimedia applications, and computer-mediated communicating etc are merely a sample of those. This variableness in nomenclature is non a affair of dissension among research workers, but merely implies that engineering is a word that is used to depict different things to different people. Technology is a term that is used by many to depict, survey, and measure the assorted ways computing machines are integrated into instruction, both inside and outside the schoolrooms. 2.4 Integrating Technology in Teaching Furthermore, there is no consensus about what constitutes engineering in larning or learning. However, the common nexus tends to be some usage of the personal computing machine to help instruction or acquisition in some signifier or manner. These engineerings run the continuum of integrating in instruction from full classs put on the Web to engineering integrated into a specific lesson. Though most research surveies focus on computer-based engineering, there are other learning and larning engineerings that are non computer-based. These can include overhead projectors, papers cameras, optical maser arrows, robotics, telecasting, VCR, DVD, presentation equipment, sound systems, Cadmiums, tape recordings, simulation machines, and theoretical accounts. Some research workers even consider the traditional piece of chalk and chalkboard a type of engineering. Many pedagogues have argued that the appropriate usage of ICT by pupils can help instructors in finding and providing for the anterior cognition of pupils. Further, it is normally besides argued that ICT can help pupils in prosecuting cognitively to a greater deepness with cognition spheres. That is pupils are supported in using the full scope of believing accomplishments within reliable contexts. This is frequently discussed in footings of cognitive taxonomies such as that provided by Bloom ( 1964 ) . Knowledge The scholar must remember information ( i.e. convey to mind the appropriate stuff ) . Comprehension The scholar understands what is being communicated by doing usage of the communicating. Application The scholar uses abstractions ( e.g. thoughts ) in peculiar and concrete state of affairss. Analysis The scholar can interrupt down a communicating into its constitutional elements or parts. Synthesis The scholar puts together elements or parts to organize a whole. Evaluation The scholar makes judgements about the value of stuff or methods for a given intent. By and large talking, there is an premise that engineering Fosters larning simply by its usage in the educational procedure. Ehrmann ( 1999 ) sums up this premise really nicely: Technologies such as computing machines ( or pencils ) do n’t hold predetermined impacts ; it ‘s their utilizations that influence outcomes. This statement seems obvious, but many establishments act as though the mere presence of engineering will better larning. They use computing machines to learn the same things in the same ways as earlier, yet they expect larning results to be better. ( p. 32 ) In his essay, Clark ( 1983 ) said compactly: â€Å" aˆÂ ¦media are mere vehicles that deliver direction but do non act upon pupil accomplishment any more than the truck that delivers our food markets causes alterations in our nutrition † ( p. 445 ) . â€Å" if learning occurs as a consequence of exposure to any media, the acquisition is caused by the instructional method embedded in the media presentation. ( p. 26 ) Further, he posited that different types of media could be substituted for each other, because media are non responsible for any acquisition that might take topographic point. Media are non the causal agents in the acquisition procedure ; instead, instructional method is the active ingredient or accelerator that causes larning to take topographic point. In contrast to Clark ‘s statement, Kozma ( 1994 ) believed that the more appropriate inquiry was non whether media do influence acquisition, but will they act upon larning. He besides contended that merely because we have non established a relationship between media and acquisition does non intend that one does non be. He believed that, since we do non to the full understand the relationship between media and acquisition, we have yet to mensurate it, and the failure to set up this relationship is caused in portion by our theories of acquisition, or more specifically, behaviorism, with its basic premise that a stimulus causes a r esponse. Therefore, if the stimulation is non present, there is no possibility for response. Kozma ( 1994 ) explained that in Clark ‘s position media are merely â€Å" mere vehicles † or conduits for an instructional method ( stimulation ) that elicit a response ( larning ) . Kozma argues that larning is a much more complex procedure than merely a series of stimulus-response connexions. Learning, in his position, is defined as â€Å" an active, constructive, cognitive and societal procedure by which the scholar strategically manages available cognitive, physical and societal resources to make new cognition by interacting with information in the environment and incorporating it with information already stored in memory † ( p.8 ) . Therefore, in Kozma ‘s position, since the definition acquisition has evolved to incarnate more of a constructive procedure, our measuring of this procedure must germinate every bit good. Still others have argued for a complete reframing of the argument over engineering and its consequence on acquisition. Jonassen, Campbell, and Davidson ( 1994 ) believed that the Clark/Kozma arguments focused excessively much on direction and media and non plenty on the properties of the scholar who finally constructs the cognition. With all the assorted sentiments on the relationship between engineering and acquisition, it begs the inquiry: who is right? It appears that each theoretician brings an of import position to the tabular array. Clark is right that engineering has non needfully revolutionise the procedure of acquisition. Technology has non helped worlds develop a new manner to larn. Learning is still something that is performed by the person. However, in Clark ‘s position, all an teacher would necessitate to make is implant the appropriate instructional method into his/her lesson and acquisition should take topographic point. We know, nevertheless, despite many teachers ‘ best attempts and superior instruction abilities, larning does non ever take topographic point. Kozma is besides right that we must analyze engineering and larning beyond a behavioristic context. Learning is an knowing act ( Jonnasen, 1994 ) and the human being making the acquisition should non be discounted. Research workers have established that there is no important difference between larning with engineering in distance instruction classs and larning in a traditional schoolroom, but they do non discourse how human motive is influenced by engineering. This could be a really of import losing component in the argument. Which side you take in this argument depends mostly upon how you define larning. If you subscribe to more behavioristic positions of acquisition, Clark will do more sense to you. If you conceive of acquisition as a more cognitive or constructivist procedure, you would be more likely to hold with Kozma or Jonnasen. From a pedagogical attack, Information-processing theories emerged from a subdivision of cognitive psychological science that focused on the memory and storage procedures that enable larning. Theorist in this country explores how a individual receives information and shops it in memory. The construction of memory that allows the acquisition of something new, relate to and is built on something learned antecedently and besides how a scholar retrieves information from short-run and long-run memory and applies it to new state of affairss. The well-known information-processing theoretician, David Ausubel, proposed that the manner a scholar receives and shops information affects the utility of the information, for illustration, by reassigning current acquisition to larning other accomplishments. On the other manus, the theoretical account of the behaviorist B.F. Skinner, infers that portion of the Educator ‘s occupation is to modify the behavior of pupils through positive support, therefore under puting behaviour alteration techniques in schoolroom direction and programmed direction. To this we may state that, the stimulus-response interaction between pupil and engineering can be introduced through computing machines so as to help direction, by supplying drills and patterns on antecedently learned accomplishments, from pattern and tutorial package. The cognitive constructivist, Jean Piaget ‘s theory has two major parts: one constituent that predicts what kids can and can non understand at different ages, and a theory of development that describes how kids develop cognitive abilities. The cardinal deductions to these are: First, acquisition is an active procedure where direct experience, doing mistakes, and looking for solutions is critical for the assimilation and adjustment of information. The presentation of information is of import, when it is introduced as an assistance to job work outing. It functions as a tool instead than an stray arbitrary fact. Second, larning should be whole, reliable, and â€Å" existent. † Therefore, in a Piagetian schoolroom there is less accent on straight learning specific accomplishments and more accent is laid on larning in a meaningful context. Technology, peculiarly multimedia, offers a huge array of such chances, with the support of educational package on videodiscs and CD-ROMs, Educators can supply a acquisition environment that helps to spread out the conceptual and experiential background of the audience. The societal constructivist, L. S. Vygotsky ‘s theory has much more room for an active and involved Educator. He claimed that the cardinal point of his psychological attack is mediation. Through mediation human cognitive growing and acquisition as equals and other members of his community engages in relationships with the stuff and societal environment. Thus the usage of engineering can be used to link pupils to each other via electronic mail, forum, newsgroups etc. Now, from here, which approach to take? Which is best suited to heighten larning? What hardware or package to utilize? There is no right or incorrect replies to these inquiries, geting hardware and package bundles will partially decide the job. It is up to the Educator, who knows the lesson aims, the expected consequences and the pupils, to take which attack to utilize and what engineering should attach to the attack. However the finding of the engineering ‘s worthiness for a given lesson could be answered by the undermentioned inquiries: Is the lesson content worthwhile? ( Are at that place clear aims, connected to criterions or important inquiries, etc? ) Make the lesson activities engage pupils? How does engineering heighten the lesson in ways that would non be possible without it? Educators should so look for the best agencies to ease a diverseness of larning manners, and need to be competent perceivers of the societal surroundings in which scholars interact every bit good as knowing about the content to which they wish to expose scholars. Hence, pedagogues ‘ development is perfectly indispensable if engineering provided to schools is to be used efficaciously. Simply by puting computing machines in schools, supplying cyberspace installations, passing on IT hardware and package, without financing the pedagogue professional development every bit good, is uneconomical. Educators ‘ preparation of the usage and application of engineering is the cardinal finding factor to better pupil public presentation for both knowledge acquisition and accomplishments development enabled by engineering. Information engineering professionals have an maxim that â€Å" an unsupported engineering is an fresh engineering. † In an article for The Chronicle of Higher Education titled â€Å" When Good Technology Means Bad Teaching, † Jeffrey Young made the instance that a ill supported engineering is really worse than no engineering at all. He argued that giving instructors engineering without preparation has frequently done more injury than good to learning and larning. This is doubtless true. At the teacher degree without proper preparation and back up the pedagogues are faced with: the fright of embarrassment in forepart of students and co-workers, loss of position and an effectual degrading of professional accomplishments ( Russell A ; Bradley 1997 ) schoolroom direction troubles when utilizing ICT, particularly where pupil-to-computer ratios are hapless ( Drenoyianni A ; Selwood 1998 ; Cox et Al. 1999 ) deficiency of the cognition necessary to enable instructors to decide proficient jobs when they occur ( VanFossen 1999 ) Educational engineering is non, and ne’er will be, transformative on its ain ; it requires pedagogues who can incorporate engineering into the course of study and utilize it to better pupil larning. In other words, computing machines can non replace pedagogues, as they are the key to whether engineering is being used suitably and efficaciously. They need to understand a topic adequate to convey its kernel to pupils. While traditionally this has involved talking on the portion, new instructional schemes put the pedagogue more into the function of class interior decorator, treatment facilitator, and manager and the pupil more into the function of active scholar, detecting the topic of the class. Even if pupils could larn independently with small or no engagement from their instructors on how to utilize engineering to heighten their acquisition and accomplishments development, they are extremely improbable to hold those chances if pedagogues do non allow them hold entree to the engineering. The term â€Å" computer-assisted acquisition † ( CAL ) has been progressively used to depict the usage of engineering in learning. Educators besides need professional development in the pedagogical application of those accomplishments to better instruction and acquisition. They should be empowered to develop their cognition and accomplishments actively and experientially, in a assortment of larning environments, both single and collaborative. This, include a assortment of larning schemes, embracing direct direction, tax write-off, treatment, drill and pattern, tax write-off, initiation, and sharing. Therefore accent in the classs should be on the ways engineering can ease and heigh ten his profession lives. Educators ‘ readying plans are indispensable and as described by Kook ( 1997 ) it is â€Å" the important issue to be addressed † ( p.58 ) . The instructor of the hereafter will depend on the computing machine for both personal productiveness and for instructional activities. Kook lists 33 primary computing machine accomplishments for instructors, runing from voyaging the Windows desktop environment, to utilizing IRC confab, to put ining package. Kook suggests that these accomplishments should be portion of the needed classs for prospective instructors and insists that in the following century â€Å" teacher instruction will be forced to suit a considerable sum of transmutation to let instructors to work efficaciously in the Information Age † ( p.59 ) . Computer engineering can non be effectual in the schoolroom without instructors who are knowing about both the engineering itself and about how to utilize it to run into educational ends. The most common barrier to adequate preparation is the disbursal involved. Without preparation, nevertheless, other engineering disbursement has a fringy consequence ( Boyd, 1997 ) . Learning to run computing machine hardware, turning comfy with many different package applications, developing direction systems for pupil computing machine usage, and redesigning lesson programs to do usage of engineering, takes a great trade of clip. When combined with thwarting hardware bugs and package bugs, the undertaking can go dashing for even the most determined. Often, what stops people is one small thing that they did n’t cognize how to make. If you have a room full of childs when something goes incorrect, it discourages you from seeking it once more ( Zehr, 1997, p.3 ) . Leading to the inquiry why school instructors do n’t utilize, and sometimes defy, the usage of computing machines? Hannafin and Savenye ( 1993 ) name some research-based possible accounts for instructor opposition to utilizing computing machines. These grounds include: ill designed package, uncertainty that computing machines improve larning results, bitterness of the computing machine as a rival for pupil ‘s attending, unsupportive decision makers, increased clip and attempt required of the instructor, fright of losing control of â€Å" centre phase, † and fright of â€Å" looking stupid. † in forepart of the category. Sing the instructor ‘s function as a continuum, Hannafin and Savenye ( 1993 ) besides put the function of traditional lector and imparter of cognition at one terminal and the function of manager, observer, and facilitator at the other terminal. They so generalize that the traditional terminal of the continuum embraces an objectivist larning theory while the other terminal is likely to encompass constructivism. The instructor ‘s position of acquisition, so, could be another beginning of opposition to classroom engineering. A instructor may be unfastened to engineering but resist the attach toing alteration in larning theory. This would propose that in add-on to supplying developing in engineering, schools and territories need to supply information, preparation, encouragement, and support to instructors in traveling toward a more constructivist position of instruction. The direction should defend the alteration, policies has to be adopted as from the direction degree down t o the pupils, everybody contributing and attach toing the reform for it to be successful and to be able to take out the maximal benefit. This issue is addressed with trouble, because â€Å" Principals, on norm, are 50 old ages old. We ‘ve got a coevals of people who are really barriers to the extract of engineering in school systems and are afraid of it themselves † ( Quoted in Trotter, 1997, p.1 ) . It has â€Å" become clear over the past decennary that simple motivational and short-workshop strategies are immensely deficient to enable veteran ( and even new, computer-generation ) instructors to learn otherwise, and to learn good with engineerings † ( Hawkins and Honey, 1993 ) . The grounds suggested that instructors who use engineering in their schoolrooms are more effectual if they have received preparation, if they have district-level support and if they have a web of other computer-using instructors to portion experiences with. Swan and Mitrani province that â€Å" computing machines can alter the nature of instruction and acquisition at its most basic degree † ( 1993 ) . We need to guarantee that we are utilizing our current cognition about the application of engineering in instruction as a footing for continuing in the hereafter. The direction has besides its portion in the integrating of the the educational engineering in the school. Policies and support plans must be initiated from the top direction and they must be portion of and attach to the alteration. The most of import barrier to this integrating is the fiscal barriers. They include the cost of hardware, package, care ( peculiar of the most advanced equipment ) , and widen to some staff development. Froke ( 1994b ) said, â€Å" refering the money, the challenge was alone because of the nature of the engineering. † The initial investing in hardware is high but the costs of engineering have to portion of the cost of direction. The integrating reveals the institutional support through leading, planning and the engagement of instructors every bit good as directors in implementing alteration. How to cite Education teaching and learning process education essay, Essay examples

Budget and Accounting for Control

Question: It is most sensible to start with the sales budget and develop the other budget from there. After what you have learned this week with regards to budget processes and procedures, analyze the validity of this statement. Do you agree with the statement? Justify your answer based on the weeks readings. How should sales revenues be considered when determining other costs? Answer: The sales budget is mostly the prime step in the development of master budget. Therefore, it is sensible to commence the budgeting process in context with sales budget. The sales are considered as the dominant limiting factor hence it can be agreed to start with sales budget (Araman and Popescu, 2010). The programs can be determined in number of departments if the sales budget is done effectively on the basis of last year figure of sales or accurate research. The budgets and initiatives of the company are reliant on the assumption of the company that they can earn for a fiscal year. Therefore, when the company has a good understanding of what sales revenue they can generate then the company can assign resources to other departments of the company or business (Bauman, Bauman and Das, 2010). For instance, a company that manufactures the proverbial widgets can have a budget that at $2 each, they can make sell of 1 million widgets. Therefore, the projected revenue of the company can be $ 2 million dollars. Thus, accordingly this may affect the budget for raw materials. In such case, the company may will to buy and prepare budget for raw materials for approx 1 million widgets in order to be on the safer side. However, in employing the resources in wisely manner, the company may not budget money in order to purchase the raw materials for the additional 3 million widgets. Therefore, it can be considered unwise and desecrate of resources on the basis of sales budget. The company may be left with high raw material inventory on hand and can incur carrying cost. Thus, the company may not will to reap all the sales possible (Eldomiaty, 2010). Thus, it can be said that sales budget has to be prepared first and then other budget has to be followed. On the other hand, the other budgets can be affected by the sales budget. The human resources or direct labor engaged in the manufacture of widgets can be relied on the sale of one million widgets. Therefore, the company may need around 100 workers that can work full time in the year. Thus, the direct labor costs can be known by the company on the basis of their sales budget (Currie and Rowley, 2010). On the other side, the costs can also be applied on the capital expenditures or overhead. Thus, the company can assign finance in order to purchase or upgrade suppose one machine on the basis of sale of one million widgets. Hence, it can be concluded that in order to determine other costs, sales revenue has to be considered (Eldomiaty, 2010). As, the sales revenue is the amount that is realized from the transaction of goods and services and the company incur costs so that goods can be produced and service can be rendered. Therefore, without analyzing the sales revenue, the company may n ot be able to predict the right amount of cost that they have to incur (Fellner et al., 2006). Moreover, it can affect the long term goal of the company. Thus, sales revenue has to be taken in account for computing other related costs. References Araman, V. and Popescu, I. (2010). Media Revenue Management with Audience Uncertainty: Balancing Upfront and Spot Market Sales. Manufacturing Service Operations Management, 12(2), pp.190-212. Bauman, C., Bauman, M. and Das, S. (2010). Valuation consequences of regulatory changes in revenue recognition: Evidence from advertising barter sales. Advances in Accounting, 26(2), pp.177-184. Currie, C. and Rowley, I. (2010). Consumer behaviour and sales forecast accuracy: What's going on and how should revenue managers respond?. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 9(4), pp.374-376. Eldomiaty, T. (2010). The contribution of sales revenue management to firm growth: a test of two competing models. International Journal of Revenue Management, 4(2), p.131. Fellner, K., Kallesen, R., Ruggiero, A. and Yuen, B. (2006). Improving revenue through fare rationalization and a new business process between revenue management and sales. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 5(2), pp.118-127.